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Federal Reser
2026-08-27 11:33:55

Cleveland Fed study says crypto ownership is driven more by beliefs than demographics

A new study from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland argues that crypto ownership is explained more by investors’ subjective expectations for returns and risk than by standard demographic factors such as age, income, or gender. The paper, titled Do You Even Crypto, Bro? Cryptocurrencies in Household Finance, was written by Michael Weber, Bernardo Candia, Olivier Coibion, and Yuriy Gorodnichenko and draws on multiple large-scale surveys of U.S. households, with as many as 25,000 households in each round. The researchers found that, even after controlling for other factors, people under 40 were about 13 percentage points more likely to hold crypto than those over 60, while men were about 4 percentage points more likely to hold it than women. Still, beliefs carried more explanatory power. Among respondents willing to forecast returns, crypto holders expected an average 22% return over the next year, compared with roughly 7% for non-holders. A 1 percentage point increase in expected crypto returns was associated with about a 0.8 percentage point increase in the likelihood of holding crypto. The study also found that providing respondents with Bitcoin’s past 12-month return raised the average portfolio share they wanted to allocate to crypto by about 2 percentage points from a control-group baseline of about 4.3%, and increased the likelihood of later purchasing crypto by about 2.5 percentage points.

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Cleveland Fed study says crypto ownership is driven more by beliefs than demographics
Fed study finds crypto investors are driven more by beliefs, and Bitcoin gains data can lift buying intent